As far as I'm aware .....
They're not check valves.
They are merely little chambers full of a wodge of mesh, possibly nylon, and should flow both ways.
My assumption is that they are either there to stop earwigs and spiders crawling in, or maybe to stabilise the flow.
However, in one of your pics the hose to one of these units is kinked .. to the point where it will allow little or no flow at all.
I reckon that's likely the cause of any trouble you've been having.
The perished/split pipes will probably be having little if any affect .. though I'd change them anyway, but only cos they're clearly past their best.
The pump diaphragm looks a little tired.
You'll need to replace it anyway at rebuild time.
Allen's Performance sell repair kits, I believe.
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